Fundamentals of data representation: free AQA GCSE Computer Science practice questions

Mistakes to avoid

• Thinking a bit pattern has only one meaning. The same pattern could represent text, an image, a sound or an integer.
• Confusing resolution with colour depth. Resolution is how many pixels. Colour depth is how many bits per pixel.
• Forgetting that a right shift loses the bits that fall off the end, so dividing an odd number by 2 by shifting loses the remainder.
• Saying run length encoding always makes a file smaller. On data with few repeats it can make the file larger.
• Treating Unicode as a kind of compression. It is a character set, and it can use more space per character than ASCII.
• Giving the number of colours as the colour depth. A colour depth of 4 bits gives 16 colours, not 4.

Bits, bytes and why binary at all

A bit is a single binary digit, 0 or 1. Eight bits are a byte. Everything a computer stores is a pattern of bits. The units go kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte, each 1,000 times the one before in the convention AQA uses. Computers use binary to represent all data and instructions, and the same bit pattern could represent text, an image, a sound or an integer.

Converting between binary, denary and hexadecimal

To convert binary to denary, add up the place values with a 1 above them: 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. So 01001101 is 64 + 8 + 4 + 1, which is 77. To convert denary to binary, subtract the largest place value you can, repeatedly, writing 1 where it fits and 0 where it does not. So 200 is 128 + 64 + 8, which is 11001000. Hexadecimal is base 16, using 0 to 9 and then A to F for 10 to 15. One hex digit represents exactly four bits, so a byte is always two hex digits. Hexadecimal is used because it is shorter and easier for a person to read and copy than a long string of bits, which makes mistakes less likely.

Binary addition and shifts

Binary addition follows four rules: 0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10, which means write 0 and carry 1, and 1 + 1 + 1 = 11, which means write 1 and carry 1. A logical left shift of one place multiplies the number by 2 and a right shift of one place divides it by 2, as long as no 1s are shifted off the end. Shifting by n places multiplies or divides by 2 to the power n on the same condition; bits shifted off the end are lost.

Characters, images and sound

A character set maps each character to a binary code. ASCII uses 7 bits and covers 128 characters, which is enough for English but not for other writing systems. Unicode can represent a far greater range of characters, including different alphabets and special symbols, and it uses the same codes as ASCII up to 127. Character codes are grouped and run in sequence, so in ASCII if A is 65 then B is 66. A bitmap image is a grid of pixels. The image size is the number of pixels, given as width x height, and colour depth is the number of bits per pixel. File size in bits is approximately width x height x colour depth, and a colour depth of n bits gives 2 to the power n colours. Sound is recorded by sampling the amplitude of the wave at regular intervals. Sample rate is samples per second and sample resolution is bits per sample. File size in bits is approximately sample rate x sample resolution x duration in seconds. A higher rate or resolution gives a bigger file.

Two compression methods you must know

Compression makes files smaller so they take less storage and less time to transmit. Run length encoding replaces runs of the same value with the value and a count, so it works well on images with large blocks of one colour and badly on noisy photographs. Huffman coding gives the most frequent characters the shortest bit codes, read off a Huffman tree, so when some characters are much more common than others the data usually needs fewer bits than storing every character in ASCII.